Coureur des boisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coureur_des_bois
Background
During the 17th century, the fur trade was very lucrative for New France. Competition was fierce, and many colonists risked the journey west and north through hostile Iroquois territory from the settlements around Montreal to the pays d'en haut, or "upper country" (the area around the Great Lakes) to trade with Native trappers. These coureurs des bois were not looked upon favourably by Montreal authorities or royal officials. They disapproved of settlers leaving the developing agricultural areas to seek their fortune trading. The French authorities would rather have let the transportation of furs be handled by the natives than have independent unregulated colonial traders, who were bringing in so many furs that the market was oversupplied. The unregulated traffic in furs also undermined Montreal's role as the focal point for the fur trade — where traders would exchange beaver pelts for trade goods such as clothing, muskets and copper pots. Some illicit traders also caused problems by trading alcohol for furs. Some coureurs des bois became famous, including Étienne Brûlé-Valiquette, Louis Joliet, Médard des Groseilliers, Pierre-Esprit Radisson, Jean Nicolet, Guillaume Couture, Jean-Baptiste Chalifoux and Jacques de Noyon. [edit] Voyageurs
By 1681, the French authorities realized the traders had to be controlled so that the industry might remain profitable. They therefore legitimized and limited the numbers of coureurs des bois by establishing a system that used permits (congés). This legitimization created a "second-generation" coureur des bois: the voyageur, which literally means "traveller". This name change came as a result of a need for the legitimate fur traders to distance themselves from the unlicensed ones. Voyageurs held a permit or were allied with a Montreal merchant who had one. The fur trade was thus controlled by a small number of Montreal merchants. New France also began a policy of expansion in an attempt to dominate the trade. French influence extended west, north and south. Forts and trading posts were built with the help of explorers and traders. Treaties were negotiated with native groups, and fur trading became very profitable and organized. The system became complex, and the voyageurs, many of whom had been independent traders, slowly became hired labourers. 
For the most part, voyageurs were the crews hired to man the canoes that carried trade goods and supplies to "rendezvous posts" (example: Grand Portage) where goods and supplies were exchanged for furs. The canoes traveled along well-established routes. They then transported the furs back to Lachine near Montreal. Some voyageurs stayed in the back country over the winter and transported the trade goods from the rendezvous posts to farther-away French outposts. These men were known as the hivernants (winterers). They also helped negotiate trade in native villages. In the spring they would carry furs from these remote outposts back to the rendezvous posts. Voyageurs also served as guides for explorers (such as Pierre La Vérendrye). The majority of these canoe men were French Canadian and/or Métis. They were usually from Island of Montreal or seigneuries and parishes along or near the St. Lawrence River. Many were from France and many were members of Native Aboriginal tribes. The voyageurs were highly valued employees of trading companies, such as the North West Company (NWC) and the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). Because of the effectiveness of voyageurs, the NWC was able to challenge the HBC. The HBC started hiring their own voyageurs in 1815 to help them compete with the NWC. The voyageurs are legendary, especially in French Canada. They are folk heroes celebrated in folklore and music. The reality of their lives was that of toil. For example, they had to be able to carry two 90-pound bundles of fur over portages; more suffered from strangulated hernias than any other injury.[citation needed] Voyageurs who only paddled between Montreal and Grand Portage were known as mangeurs de lard (pork eaters) because of their diet, much of which consisted of salt pork. This is considered to be a derogatory term. Those who overwintered and ate "off the land" (mainly fish, pemmican and Rubaboo) were called hommes du nord (northern men) or hivernants (winterers). Voyageurs were expected to work 14 hours per day and paddle at a rate of 55 strokes per minute.[citation needed] Few could swim. Many drowned in rapids or in storms while crossing lakes. Portages and routes were often indicated by lob trees, or trees that had their branches cut off just below the top of the tree. |
This is an interesting article taken from a Professor of the University of Nebraska, which details how many American cities and towns came to their name.
http://www.omahaculturefest.org/french/ourfrenchheritag1.htmTT Our French Heritage French speaking explorers and traders were in Missouri country long before Meriwether Lewis and William Clark made their historic 1804-1806 journey. Departing from St. Louis, the Corps of Discovery’s first thirteen hundred miles on the Missouri River was less discovery than confirmation. Coming from Canada in the 1630s, two Frenchmen appeared in the Hidatsa villages in northwest North Dakota. Etienne de Véniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, explored the Missouri River in 1715 to the mouth of the Platte. By the 1720s French traders were dealing with Pawnees of the Platte region, and Peter and Paul Mallett reached and named the Platte River in 1739. Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de la Vérendrye, and his sons, searching for the “Western Sea” in 1738, reached North and South Dakota, and possibly Wyoming and Nebraska. Francis and Louis-Joseph Vérendrye in 1743 left a lead plate near today’s Pierre, South Dakota, inscribed to their King, Louis XV. Jean-Babtiste Truteau wrote in his 1794-75 journal of traveling up the Missouri River as far as South Dakota, and Lewis and Clark used information from it during their expedition, as well as knowledge gleaned from other veteran travelers on the Missouri. French traders lived among the Mandans and Hidatsas (the latter known to them as the Gros Ventres, Big Bellies) as early as 1776. One of them, Pierre Menard, a full-blooded Frenchman, lived with the Mandans “for the twenty years past,” as recorded by Clark. Assinboine Indians killed Menard, an important potential source of information, a few days before Lewis and Clark arrival. During his years with the Mandans, Menard had traveled up the Missouri to the Yellowstone and among the Crows several times. Still alive when the Corps of Discovery arrived in Mandan country was François Antoine Laroque, whose offer to go with them in 1804 was declined. Setting off on his own, he recorded in a Journal his experiences on the Yellowstone River a year before Clark made it in 1806, including passing what Clark would later call Pompys Tower (today's Pompeys Pillar). From St. Louis to the upper Missouri, the Lewis and Clark expedition traveled a river bearing French names for its ever-changing features and landmarks. Preparing for the journey, it camped from December 1803 to May 1804 just across from the mouth of the Missouri at La Rivière Du Bois, anglicizedby to Wood River. On its way into history, the Corps of Discovery passed Cul de Sac, Bottom of the Sack, Bellefontaine, Beautiful Spring, Les Marmelles, the Breasts, describing the mounds on the banks of the river, and Charette Creek, named after the homemade carts of the French settlers, to mention a few. In Wyoming Clark’s party traveled on the Rivière Roches Jaune, the Yellowstone. During the nineteenth century French traders were a familiar sight in the Nebraska-Iowa corridor. Peter Sarpy, son of French parents, operated a trading post at Bellevue, Nebraska. Just north of today’s Omaha was Pierre Cabanné’s post, and across the river, just south of present day Council Bluffs, traders were at Point aux Poules, Hens Point. Moving west the fur traders were followed by French speaking immigrants who settled in Nebraska, for example in Campbell where the headstones in Ste. Anne’s cemetery are a bit of France on the Nebraska prairie. From the Missouri River in the east to Chadron in the west, French speaking explorers, traders, and settlers left their names and words across the state on its communities and geography, mémentos of Nebraska’s French heritage.[i] Nebraska Place Names Arago, Richardson CountyA colony of Germans named their town in 1858 for the French astronomer and natural philosopher Dominique François Arago (1786-1853). Bazile Mills, Knox County Named after nearby Bazile Creek, probably derived from Bazieilles in the Ardennes of France. Barada, Richardson County Antoine Barada (1807-1887) gave the town its name; he was of French and Omaha Indian parentage. Bellevue, Sarpy County Tradition has it that in 1805 Manuel Lisa exclaimed La Belle Vue as he admired the valley as he approached. Lisa (who was Spanish) did not travel up the Missouri until 1807 and there is no evidence he stopped in the area. There is evidence Lisa lived in the area prior to the Missouri Fur Company establishing Bellevue’s first trading post in 1822. Bordeaux, Dawes County For Pierre Bordeaux, trader and trapper, who came from Bordeaux, France. Brule, Keith County Brulé is French for burned, a translation of Sichàngxu, burnt thighs, a tribe of the Teton Sioux. Chadron, Dawes County Named for Pierre Chadron, a French-Indian trapper of the vicinity. Perkey suggests the name comes from Louis Chartran’s trading post of the early 1840s. Settlers pronounced his name as “Shratton,” hence to Chadron. Duluth, Grant County Named by officials of the Burlington and Quincy Railroad for Grecylon Deluth, an early explorer in the Duluth, Minnesota area, which also bears his name. Dumas, Garfield County Alexander Dumas, the French author, remembered in this community’s name. Elk Horn, Douglas County A translation of corne de cerf, elks horn, given the branching characteristic of the nearby river. Another explanation records it as a translation of an Omaha chief’s name, Ta ha zouka, but Fitzerald says this is not an Omaha word and can’t be translated as Elk Horn. However, Perkey reports the name is probably from the Omaha word, Ta ha zouka. Fontanelle, Washington County Married to an Indian woman, Logan Fontenelle, the son of French immigrant Lucien Fontenelle, bore the title of “Chief.” In 1854 a company at Quincy, Illinois, to promote a settlement, paid Lucien Fontenelle ten dollars to settle on their Nebraska land. Postal authorities misspelled the name, changing the “e” to an “a.” Frenchtown, Antelope County The concentration of Frenchmen here gave the 1869 settlement its name. A graveyard is all that remains. Fremont, Dodge County Namesake of explorer John Fremont, the “Pathfinder,” whose father was French born Frémont. Froid, Deuil County Perhaps it has this name for its climate, froid meaning cold. Or named in honor of Andre Froid, an early settler and the first postmaster. Garland, Seward County Originally known as Germantown for its German settlers. Renamed Garland amid anti-German sentiments during World War I for Ray Garland, a young soldier from the vicinity who died in France. Grand Island, Hall County Known to the early French as La Grande Ile, for a large island in the Platte River. Loup County Loup is French for wolf. A tribe of Pawnees lived in the region and the French translated its Skidi to loup. Loup City, Sherman County See above. Martell, Lancaster County Charles Martell, the “Hammer,” was King of the Franks, 689-741 a.d. Mitchell, Scotts Bluff County Originally called Fort Fontenelle for Logan Fontenelle, whose father was a French immigrant. Montrose, Sioux County Wild roses on a high bank are credited for the name, mont being French for mountain. Another version suggests Montrose is derived from a word used in Scotland to describe wild roses. Orleans, Harlan county Victor Vifquain, son of French parents, early Nebraska settler (1858) and Civil War hero, helped to establish the town and named it after Orléans, France. Papillion, Sarpy County Local tradition says that French explorers gave the creek its name because of the large number of butterflies, papillions, on its banks. Platte County French explorers Peter and Paul Mallet learned that the Pawnee word for the wide and shallow river in their area meant flat water. The Mallets translated the term into La Rivière Platte, the French words for the flat river Platte Center, Platte County Gained its name from its central location in the county. Platte River, Saunders County The Platte River is nearby. Plattsmouth, Cass County Its location at the mouth of the Platte River is responsible for the city’s name. Robedeau, Scotts Bluff County The site of the trading post of Joseph Robedeau (or Robedeaux). Rosalie, Thurston County Rosalie La Flesche was the daughter of Joseph La Flesche, a French-Indian chief of the Omahas. Rulo, Richardson County Amélia Menard married Charles Rouleau who founded a community on land owned by her. Pronunciation of his French name, Rulo, resulted in the town’s spelling. Sarpy County The son of French immigrants, Peter A. Sarpy was one of the principal figures of early Bellevue, Nebraska. Sedan, Nuckolls County Sedan, France lends its name here. Sioux County The French shortened the Indian word Nadowessioux to Sioux. Verdon, Richardson County Perhaps from the word verdure, greenery. Weeping Water A creek gave the community its name. The French translated the Indian words for the creek to L’eau qui pleure, Americans later converting it to Weeping Water. Ash Hollow Coulé des Frenes became Ash Hollow (frenes, ash), a noted spot on the Oregon Trail that today is a State Historical site featuring prehistoric fossils. Butte Applied to tables or mesas, from the French word butte, mound or rise. Frenchman Creek A Frenchman lived near the creek, thus it became known as Frenchman Creek. Half Breed Tract An area in southeast Nebraska created by the Treaty of Prairie de Chien on July 15, 1830, for the homeless French-Indian offspring of traders. Joseph Deroin, son of a Frenchman and an Indian woman, established a village in the tract in 1853, calling it Saint Deroin. The Saint was apparently added to attract settlers. The town was successful for a time but Missouri River channel shifts ended its life. A mid-nineteenth reconstructed river settlement, called Saint Deroin, is in Indian Cave State Park. Deroin was killed during a six dollar dispute over a pig. James River Au Rivière Jacques to the early Frenchmen. Niobrara River The Pawnee name of the river meant swift or rapid river, becoming the French l'eau qui court, Running Water River, on the maps of the early French. Shell Creek Takes its name from the Frenchmen who called it La Petite Coquille, for the shells, coquille, they found in the creek. Other States Bad Lands, South Dakota The mauvais terres, the Bad Lands, of the early French. Baton Rouge, Louisiana Named on March 17, 1699, by Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur Dilberville, based on the tale of a pole stained in blood with the blood of fish and animals that served as a dividing line between two Indian tribes. baton rouge, red stick. Belle Fourche, South Dakota At the northern edge of the Black Hills, Frenchmen bestowed the name of La Belle Forche, the Beautiful Fork Corning, Iowa The Icarians, French followers of Etienne Cabet, settled in Corning in 1857 as the place to establish their Utopia. Coeur d’Alene, Idaho Named Coeur d’Alene after the Coeur d’Alene Indians, the French trader words for heart of anvil or sharp-hearted. Detroit, Michigan A trading post on the Detroit River was named d’etroit. Detroit is the anglicized form of d’etroit, the strait. Debuque, Iowa The oldest community in Iowa, named for the French-Canadian Julien Dubuque who arrived to mine lead in 1788. Des Moines, Iowa Gained its name in 1843 from the French name for its river, La Rivière Moine, the river of the monks. Duluth, Minnesota The area was visited in the seventeenth century by several French traders and one of them, Daniel Greysolon, Sieur Duluth, established a trading post in 1672. Eau Claire, Wisconsin From the French traders eau claire, clear water. Layetteville, Louisiana In honor of the Marquis de Lafayette and his service during the American Revolution. Florissant, Missouri From fleurissant, flourishing. Fond de Lac, Wisconsin A French trading post of the eighteenth century, fond de lac, bottom of the river. Grand Forks, North Dakota The Grand Fourché, Big Fork, of the early French. Kansas City, Missouri Newlyweds Berenience and François Chouteau were the first permanent settlers here (1821), known as Westport Landing. Explorer Etiénne Veniard de Bourgmont was here in 1724, and traders were in the area for many years before the Chouteaus. Joliet, Illinois Named for Louis Joliet, a French 1673 explorer. Juneau, Alaska The son of Salomon-Larent Juneau is the name-sake here. Solomon-Laurent led French traders 1818 in settling Milwaukee. La Crosse, Wisconsin Derived from the Indian game Lacrosse, witnessed by French traders in the eighteenth century. La Grange, Wisconsin The name of the Marquis de Lafayette’s estate. Laramie, Wyoming Jacques La Ramie, an early French trader, is recalled by the city’s name. Little Sioux River, Iowa Petite Rivière des Sioux of the French traders. One of them, Charles Larpenteur, had a home nearby that he called Fontainbleau, his birthplace in France. Lorain, Ohio An 1874 trading post here was given the name for Lorraine, France Louisville, Kentucky Revolutionary era aid from Louis XVI commemorated. Louisiana, Territory, later State Named in honor of Louis XIV by French explorer Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle, in 1682. Massillon, Ohio Settled about 1810 and named for Jean Baptiste Massillon, Bishop of Clermont, France Moline, Illinois Probably from moulin, mill. Montpellier, Vermont Named for the French city in the south of France, Montpellier. Vermont is from the French for green mountain, mont vert. New Orleans, Louisiana Sieur de la Salle arrived at the site in 1682; settlement began in 1718 and named Nouveau Orléans, New Orleans, for Duc Orléans, regent of France. New Rochelle, New York Settled by Hugenots in 1688, taking the name of La Rochelle, France, a port of embarkation for leaving France for the New World. The Ozarks French traders going up the Missouri River headed for the Arkansas River would call out aux arkansas, to the Arkansas, thus Ozarks. Paris, Texas Paris, France, of course. Pierre, South Dakota Fort Pierre was named for Pierre P. Chouteau, Jr., member of a prominent family and fur trading company in St. Louis; the Fort was later dropped and Pierre, South Dakota, appeared. Provost, Utah Mormons settled in the area in 1849, the next year giving to their city the name of Étienne Provost, who had arrived in the region in 1825. Racine, Wisconsin Probably from the French word racine, root, for the profusion of roots in the vicinity. Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan The oldest settlement in Michigan dates from 1688 when Father Jacques Marquette founded a mission here.
St. Charles, Missouri Louis Blanchette founded a trading post here in 1769 and called it Les Petites côtes, the Little Hills. The name was changed in 1806 to St. Charles for Saint Charles Borromeo, canonized in 1610..
St. Cloud, Minnesota For Saint-Cloud, France. St. Genevieve, Missouri A French outpost as early as 1735, settlement came in approximately 1750. This first permanent white settlement in Missouri took its name from the Patroness of Paris. St. Joseph, Missouri A trading post was established here in 1826, named by its founder, Joseph Robidoux, for his Patron Saint. St. Louis, Missouri Pierre Laclède selected the future city’s site for a trading post in 1763. The following year his fourteen-year-old nephew, Auguste Chouteau, initiated construction of the post and the beginnings of St. Louis, a family fortune, and a dynasty. The name St. Louis was in honor of the King of France, 1226-1720, Saint Louis. St. Paul, Minnesota The first settler was Pierre “Pig Eye” Parent and the settlement was called ”Pig Eye." In1841the name was changed to St. Paul after a local chapel. Vincennes, Indiana The name of French explorer (1732) François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes, is expressed here. Orville D. Menard Professor Emeritus University of Nebraska at Omaha |